Urbanization free essay sample

A paper which discusses the problems resulting from rapid urbanization in developing countries. The paper discusses how rapid urbanization in third world countries is creating many social and economic problems. This is because most developing countries are unprepared to accommodate a rapidly increasing population because of lack of resources and sufficient job opportunities. The paper shows that it is for economic reasons mostly that people in rural areas are forced to migrate to urban centers where they feel they would be able to improve their standard of living. The paper looks at meaningful and effective policies to help stop or divert this influx to a certain extent. For example in India and Pakistan, tens of hundreds of young men and women are moving to the United States and more developed countries because the pay scale is usually higher than it is in their own lands. But while it leads to brain drain in the native countries, it also creates several problems for the adopted countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Urbanization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example the one big problem that western countries have faced because of increased immigration is that not only its won citizens have lost jobs rapidly, there has been an increase in ethnic violence too. In the past many years we have noticed that people from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and some other poor countries have moved to the western countries and since they were willing to work for less, they were offered the jobs that American citizens rightfully deserved. Now this creates a sense of animosity between the locals and the foreigners and also has a negative impact on the economy of the adopted countries.

Measuring Intelligence

Measuring Intelligence Introduction â€Å"Goddard and the Kallikak family† and â€Å"The Cyril Burt Affair† are two articles that dwell on intelligence research. The report will compare the validity of their research with current knowledge on the subject matter in order to determine whether their work is plausible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis â€Å"Goddard and the Kallikak family† focuses on psychologist Henry Goddard’s research on intelligence in the 1900s. Goddard studied feeblemindedness, which was a condition that made an individual appear normal even though they possessed low intelligence. Such people had learning difficulties and were manipulated easily. Goddard thought that the condition was inheritable, and sought to prove it by studying the Kallikak family. The psychologist affirmed that Martin Kallikak’s marriage to a feeble mi nded woman called Deborah resulted in a line of feebleminded descendants, but the same was not true for his Quaker wife. Deborah’s side was susceptible to instances of prostitution and crime because people manipulated her descendants easily. Kallikak recommended that such people ought to be segregated from society since they would multiply and cause social problems. He even tested incoming immigrants like the Russians and Jews, and found that they tested poorly in his intelligence tests for feeble-mindedness. More than 75% of them were feebleminded. His results led to their deportation. However, years later, the psychologist reneged on his recommendations after realizing that there were problems with his intelligence tests. He also realized that feeble minded people can learn and improve (Esping and Jonathan par. 12). The second article (â€Å"The Cyril Burt Affair†) dwells on Cyril Burt’s work in intelligence testing. Burt was a proponent of genetic intelligenc e. He believed that people inherited intelligence, and sought to prove it by studying monozygotic twins who grew up in different households. The scientist did a series of tests on 15 twins, then 21 and eventually 53 pairs of twins. He found questionable correlation coefficients in the studies because they did not change as the sets of twins increased (Plucker par. 4). Later, scholars questioned Burt’s findings by stating that there was no proof for the existence of his research assistants. Scholars concluded that he might have fabricated the results to support his theory on intelligence, which is, intelligence is inherited.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sigelman and Rider (276) explain that intelligence tests are highly complex, and scholars have misused them in many instances. In analysing Burt’s work, one can question the way he applied it to immigrants an d the feebleminded, as their demographic traits biased the tests. One can also question whether he considered all facets of his subjects’ intelligence. When Goddard carried out his investigations, he did not acknowledge the importance of multiple intelligences as described by Sigelman and Rider (279). These authors explain that a person may have linguistic intelligences (language capabilities), mathematical (numerical abilities), musical (skills in understanding musical patterns), spatial (visual information processing skills) interpersonal (social aptitude), bodily-kinesthetic (physical movement and form), intrapersonal (knowledge of self) or naturalistic intelligence (knowledge of the natural world). Since traditional intelligence tests focus mostly on mathematical, linguistic and spatial tests, they cannot be relied on to make sweeping statements about a person’s intelligence. A person’s intelligence could lie in the other areas, and they could function succe ssfully in life with these other intelligences. When psychologist Goddard carried out his research on Deborah, who was the source of feeble-mindedness in his class, he only focused on standard forms of intelligence – mathematical, linguistic and spatial. He did not consider the fact that Deborah had a high level of interpersonal intelligence. In fact, some school visitors often mistook her for a member of staff. Additionally, she might have had a high level of bodily – kinesthetic intelligence as demonstrated by her woodwork and seaming capabilities. Sigelman and Rider (280) also introduce another crucial aspect into the intelligence testing debate. They affirm that one’s culture defines intelligence. Items that are intelligible in one culture may be illogical in another. Consequently, one may question Burt’s work with the monozygotic twins on this basis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He used sets of twins who were from different parts of the country and these areas may have had different definitions of intelligence. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to compare intelligence scores for persons from different cultural context. The same thing can be said about Goddard’s work. He tested newly arrived immigrants from Russia and Italy, and found that they scored poorly. People in the US were more likely to be exposed to the test items in Goddard’s tests than the immigrants who had just entered the country. Cultural bias is a strong basis for rejecting Goddard’s work. People misused Goddard’s intelligence tests in order to deport immigrants and support the passing of some state laws to forcefully sterilize feeble-minded citizens. Goddard later accepted that feeblemindedness was not a permanent trait when he observed changes in people’s intelligence after education. Modern psycholog ists now know that intelligence is dynamic and can be improved. If a child gets the support he requires for improvement, then chances are that those undesirable traits will disappear. In Burt’s research concerning the monozygotic twins, his strong correlation coefficients indicate that genetics is the primary source of intelligence. They do not take into account the effect of one’s environment. Sigelman and Rider (285) explain that intelligence in children can either decrease or increase depending on the environment, so one may question Burt’s work on this basis. Conclusion If Burt and Goddard incorporated all the complexities in intelligence testing, which modern psychologists know, then their work would have been indisputable. Nonetheless, modern day psychologists still consider Burt’s contribution in IQ testing through acknowledgement of the heritability of intelligence. They, however, acknowledge that other factors come into play, such as age and envi ronment. Goddard’s work on IQ testing has been improved on to include multiple intelligences.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Esping, Amber and Jonathan Plucker. Goddard and the Kallikak Family. 2002. Web. Plucker, Jonathan. The Cyril Burt Affair. 2012. Web. †¹https://www.indiana.edu/†º Sigelman, Carol Elizabeth Rider. Lifespan Human Development. Chicago: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.

Visual media Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Visual media - Assignment Example The people should stop living in ignorance but get the facts about the HIV which include how the virus is transmitted, care and treatment and nutrition to those who are infected so that they may live long. People must stay protected from the disease. This image impacts the viewer in a significant way. It encourages him/her to be vigilant. This ensures that the viewers are tested to know their status. This will enable them to live life fully with the knowledge of the HIV. The image also acts as a reminder of the existence of the disease that has no cure. The health providers are behind this image and to be specific the Health organization. The firm is encouraging people to be tested for the HIV virus. It is important to note that all people are vulnerable to the disease with equity whether one is living a prestigious life or in abject poverty. Therefore, individuals should always stay protected to avoid

Market structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market structure - Essay Example Market structure is also affected by the decision of the individual firms in setting up prices within the industry & the supply of different commodities in the market. For example, when competition is high, firms tend to supply more & more in order to capture handsome market share. Barrier to entry is also an important factor to determine market structure. In a monopoly market structure, the degree of barriers to entry is much higher than in a perfectly competitive market, where the factor may have a zero percent influence. Another factor of consideration to understand market structure is market efficiency. A firm will operate more efficiently in a competitive market with a fear of losing opportunity rather than a firm operating in a monopolistic market (Cohen, 2010, pp.131 –133). Customer turnover ratio i.e. the no. of customer willing to change their consumer preferences due to change in market structure, over a period of time. This factor is an indicator of brand loyalty & reaction of marketing activities such as advertisements etc. A perfectly competitive market indicates a market condition where a large no. of buyers & sellers has the market power to set the price of homogeneous goods & services. In a perfectly competitive market, the no. of buyers & sellers are so numerous & well structured that the market price of commodities are beyond control of the individual buyers & sellers and all the monopolistic powers are eliminated from the market (Wong, 2010, pp.1174–1177). All firms are price taker, having a relatively small market share, operating on a profit maximization objective. The firms sell identical, homogeneous goods, having perfect knowledge about product quality, price & cost. In a perfectly competitive market, all firms are price taker. Seller must take the existing market price. If a single firm is charging a price above the market price, this will result in a loss of potential

Bilingualism and Biculturalism Essay Example for Free

Bilingualism and Biculturalism Essay Running Head: BILINGUALISM AND BICULTURALISM E. Biculturalism in society Biculturalism usually exists in a country where two different cultures or cultural identities are allowed to freely flourish within the society. It is characterized by widespread occupation of people belonging to two diverse cultures. However, true biculturalism cannot exist in a country where one culture is suppressed or discriminated. Bicultural countries have official policies to protect the interest of both cultures. It also facilitates equitable status and rights to people belonging to both cultures without any prejudice. These countries also celebrate festivals pertaining to both cultures to preserve integrity of both cultures and foster the spirit of togetherness. E. 1 Biculturalism in Canada Canada follows a policy of official bilingualism as its gives equal status to both English and French in its parliament and courts. This was done to preserve the cultural identity of French communities in Canada, as support for the French language in Canada had weakened and English had become the preferred language in business and politics, by the end of the nineteenth century. As the years passed by, Francophone communities outside of Quebec begun to realize the extinction of their culture was inevitable, unless French-based education was made a top priority. Certain political forces in Quebec had also wanted a separate state during the 1960s. Franco-Albertans living in Quebec called for bilingualism and biculturalism to ensure that Canada stayed united. This led to the proclamation of the Official Languages Act of 1969 announcing Canada as a bilingual nation (Alberta’s Francophone Heritage 3). Today, Franco-Albertans are entitled to exclusive French-only education according to rights guaranteed by Bilingualism and Biculturalism Commission, while French is also now used in government offices and hospitals in Alberta. All these developments with respect to biculturalism have kept Canada together as one nation and led to the revival of the French culture. E. 2 Biculturalism in Australia Australia was originally inhabited only by several indigenous tribes, until the Europeans settlers started to immigrate there. These relatively new settlers started to control the ethnicity of the immigrants settling down to ensure that Australia had a cultural identity of a British Colony. Until 1973, the governments empowered by the Immigration Restriction Act followed the White Australia policy to keep a check on non-European immigration. The racial injustice perpetrated by the White Australia policy official came to end by passing of the Racial Discrimination Act in 1975. Australia started to rigorously follow a bicultural policy similar to Canada, opening its doors to several thousands of immigrants from all over the world. The extent of Australia’s multicultural policy can be better understood from a 2005 Department of Immigration statistic which reports that forty percent of the contributing workforce in Australia had at least one parent born outside of Australia, while twenty-five percent of them were not originally born in Australia (Wikiepedia 9). Australian values of ‘mateship’ centered on equality, loyalty and friendship, have enshrined in its biculturalism policy and given equal rights to all Australian citizens irrespective of their ethnicity. Multiculturalism was initially perceived as the acceptance of people coming from different cultural backgrounds as members of Australian society. However, the significance of biculturalism has now deepened and empowered immigrants in Australia to express their cultural identity, thereby enabling them to experience both Australian culture as well as their native culture. E. 3 Biculturalism in the United States America, in spite of being one of most culturally diverse nations in the world and built on values of equality, does not officially have a federal multiculturalism policy. That being said, America does practices biculturalism on a social level as immigrants from various countries are freely allowed to practice their religion and exhibit their cultural identity. The Hart-Cellar Act of 1965 nullified quotas based on one’s national origin. Since then, more twenty twenty-eight million people immigrants have legally been accepted by the United States of America. Bilingualism is also prevalent is certain Southern states that are heavily populated with Spanish-speaking immigrants. F. The relationship of bilingualism to biculturalism Bilingualism and biculturalism are concepts that are very closely tied together. Bilingualism not only helps one to connect and effectively communicate with the society around him/her, but also enables a person to maintain command over his/her native language. Since language is the key to stay in touch with one’s ethic or national culture, bilingualism helps foster biculturalism as well. F. 1. Origin of bilingualism in bicultural societies Canada was one of the pioneers of the New World to officially adopt the policy of bilingualism. In 1867, British North America Act was passed to legalize to conversing in English as well as French in Canadian Parliament as well as Courts of Law, thereby paving the way for a bicultural state. As the world’s political climate began to change during the beginning of the twentieth century, the idea of cultural pluralism started to gain momentum. Biculturalism began in western world and paved the way for biculturalism to be adopted as a political policy in many other parts of the world. F. 2. Bilingual education Bilingual education is a method of teaching all subjects to students through a country’s primary language as well as the student’s native language. There are several types of approaches and programs available to carry out bilingual education. Transitional programs teach all subjects in the students’ native language and English is taught as a separate subject until bilingual students can study along with other native students in normal classrooms. Dual Language programs consist of an equal combination of students who are native English speakers as well students who have another common native language. These methods enable all students in the class to be bilingual and understand subject matter in both languages. Late-exit program is yet another method that is quite similar to transitional programs, but it also teaches all the subjects in English again to reinforce the subject content and achieve effective bilingualism. It is hard to generalize and develop a common plan to educate bilingual students. For instance, in the US, young immigrants are either more educated or less educated native-born American students since immigrants from Asian countries are relatively well-educated compared to their South American counterparts, as a result of to social and economic differences. Language maintenance and Language shift Language maintenance is an effort to preserve the linguistic ability of child in his/her native language, while not compromising on learning the popular secondary language at school. It is can result from a passion for one’s culture or a necessity to communicate with elder members in the family. Career prospects due to international acclaim or the availability of media services such as television programs or books in one’s native could also cause language maintenance. The avoidance of one’s native language is known as language shift. For instance, bilingual children may stop using their mother tongue owing to a higher degree of English exposure in school. Other factors that influence language shift are fear of one’s native language negatively influencing their English language skills or learning abilities. Lack of parental encouragement to maintain one’s native language can also lead to language shift. G. Transference Transference occurs when a person’s native language negatively influences the way he/she uses another language or vice-versa. This influence can occur in the form of distinctive oral expressions i. e. accent or odd sentence compositions. It is classified into lexical, phonological, semantic, prosodic, tonemic, syntactic and pragmatic transferences. CONCLUSION The concepts of bilingualism and biculturalism are two critical aspects that have held together societies comprising of several cultures, languages, races and ethnic backgrounds. Since transference or the deviation from the norms of a language could lead to language shift, proper bilingual education has to be provided to ensure that one is comfortable using both languages. Bilingualism, the preservation of one’s native language accompanied by command over a country’s primary language, is necessary to achieve biculturalism in a society as well retaining one’s true cultural identity. References A Research Guide for Students. (1998-2006). Retrieved March 20, 2008. http://www. aresearchguide. com/1steps. html Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Alberta’s Francophone Heritage. http://www. edukits. ca/francophone/en/secondary/infomatics_text_bilingualism. html Chan, K. (1998). Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Academia. http://www. geocities. com/goktimus/bilingualism. html Multiculturalism. Retrieved March 20, 2008, from Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Multiculturalism.

Psychological Manipulation in 1984 Essay -- George Orwell

Nineteen Eighty-Four, by George Orwell, is a superb novel with outstanding themes. One of the most prominent themes found in this novel is psychological manipulation. Citizens in this society are subject to ever present signs declaring â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU† (Orwell 1). Along with psychological manipulation, physical control takes place. The Party not only controls what people in Oceania think, but what they do as well. Technology is another important theme. Without the constant telescreens, microphones, and computers, the Party would be all but powerless. Big Brother is the main figure of the Party. The main symbol that drives these themes is the telescreens. It is representative of the party always watching and controlling everyone at all times. Psychological manipulation the Party uses on the citizens is one of the first themes Orwell exposes in this dystopian society. The Party maintains this manipulation by constantly overwhelming citizens with useless information and propaganda. And when memory failed and written records were falsified—when that happened, the claim of the Party to have improved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did not exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested. (Orwell 82) Winston Smith, the protagonist, is having a frustrating conversation with an old man about life before the Revolution. He figures out that the Party has purposely set out to weaken the people’s memories in order to make them unable to challenge what the Party claims about the present. If there is no one who remembers life before the Revolution, then no one can say that the Party has failed. In reality, the Party has failed by forcing people to... ...of Nineteen Eighty-Four are not going to be forgotten any time soon. Psychological manipulation is quite possibly the most realistic of the themes. In conjunction with psychological manipulation is physical control. The Party is a totalitarian government and controls every aspect of life. Technology is yet another important theme. Technology is what gives the Party their power and influence. Big Brother, the symbol, as well as the telescreens are motifs that help drive the main conflict. Works Cited Knapp, John V. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† Critical Survey of Long Fiction. Ed. Carl Rollyson. Hackensack NJ: Salem Press Inc, 2000. 2451-2452. Magill, Frank N. Ed. â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† Masterpieces of World Literature. New York NY: Harper Collins Publishers, 1989. 582-585. Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York NY: Penguin Books Inc., 1977.

Act of Kindness

Helping out with everything around the house and my ill little brother is the biggest act of kindness I would think I have done. It is also my responsibility so be aware of the situation my family is in and to try and help out. My father as a farmer he works long hours in the hot sun, that is during summer, and cold days in the winter. My mother only works during the summer, as a farmer as well that is, I know the hardest season but it’s well paid for us mid-class citizens.I know how hard it is to work in the fields, since I have worked with my parents before. Working as a farmer is very hard work, dealing with the sun is not fun, but we all need to find a way to make money and maintain our home. I always try to help out with the house chores, and help my parents out a little. Wouldn’t you, do the same? Seeing my mother stresses because bills can’t be paid, and my father coming from work exhausted, I always do my best to make them be conferrable at home. I have f ood for my father when he comes from work, I clean do laundry.I try to not cause my mother anymore stresses, by trying to be a good daughter that one day she’ll be proud of. I help out my mother with my younger brother who suffers from muscular dystrophy. He is 15 years old, and now that he is older his muscles are getting weaker and his ability to walk long distances are just decreasing. I help him sidewalk is a big step, and he is always afraid he will fall so he needs our motivation and I try to be there for him. Making him laugh spending time with him it all helps out.Now that he can’t really get out and go to the park he needs company and I’m always there with him, when my parents are just too busy. I have had 4 older brothers pass away from muscular dystrophy, I’m pretty sure that’s a lot for a mother to go thru. So I’m always one step ahead of my mother and helping with everything. We all can help out and be kind. It’s not so m uch about being kind, but being humane and taking responsibilities. Helping the homeless by giving them a sub that one day, you might have saved them from starving.I’m just trying to say that any little act of kindness can go a long way and make a big difference. It is not that difficult to state a straightforward ‘thank you', and even it can genuinely alter the prospect of somebody else's day. My older brother, Arnold, once said to me that, â€Å"It acquires more power to glare than to smile. † I've acknowledged that only by behaving respectfully with the citizens around, you are able to genuinely create the more positive ambiance around you. Act of Kindness reallyThis is a story on an act of kindness I did for this girl I didnt know to well. One day as I was walking home from my old school I saw this girl, she looked like a complete nerd someone I wouldn't normally talk to. She was walking home looking really sad, kind of like she had no one to talk to. I walked over to her and introduced myself and she also told me who she was; she said her name is Abby. She was carrying books in her hands and it looked heavy I asked her if I could help. She nodded and told me I was more then welcome.I walked her home that day. I asked her if she would like to hang out sometime to call me and gave her my number, a few weeks later we were best friends. Months down the road she found out she was pregnant, this took me by surprise since I didnt even know she was dating anyone. The guy who got her pregnant walked out and hardly never came around. I could tell by the look on Abby's face that she was pretty scared. I told her no mater what ill always be ther e for her if she ever needed anything.The hardest part for her was to tell her parents she was pregnant. Her parents are the strick ones, that go to church every sunday and doesnt allow their daughter to have a boyfriend or anything. So trying to explain to her parents that she had got a boyfriend and had sexual intercorse with him behind there backs was going to be a tough situation. She didnt tell anyone for three months that she was pregnant,but it got down to where she had to say something since she was starting to show.Abby asked me if i could be there with her when she telled her parents on Thursday; I told her i could and that id be there Thursday at four o'clock. Thursday came and I went to her house and as soon as she anwsered the door she started freaking out with panic. I told her to calm down everything will be fine and that if she wants me to tell her parents i would. She appreciated it and told me to tell her parents for her. As we started walking closer to her parents I told them that Abby had something she wanted to tell them.Her parents started getting worried and asked what this was about. I then told her parents that she was scared to tell them about hows shes pregnant. Ive never seen anyones face look so furious in my entire life, They asked me to leave so they could talk as a family. Later that next week Abby's parents called me and asked me to come over for dinner and talk with them about something. I agreed and told them id be there shortly. As I rushed to get dressed all I could think about was what they wanted to talk to me about, I began to get nervous.As I arrived and walked to the door my stomach dropped and then i knocked on the door. Abby's parents answered the door and we sat down to eat. After we got done eating Abby's mom started to tell me how when i met Abby, abby wasnt in the best state of mind. I told them how i already knew and how i talked her out of a bunch of things before and they thanked me. They both thanked me for b eing such a great friend to Abby, and to this day I help take care of Abby's daughter.